Biography of Adler Alfred

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas. The full version of the work is available in the “Work files” tab in PDF format Alfred Adler on February 7 - May 28, the Austrian doctor and psychologist, founder of the School of Individual Psychology. Alfred Adler was attributed to the development of a number of important theories of human behavior motivation.

He founded the school of individual psychology, the integrated "science of life", which focuses on the uniqueness of the personality and relationships of man with society. Alfred Adler was born on the outskirts of Vienna, Austria. He was the second of the seven children of the Gungarianborn grain merchant. Adler was a musical family, and Alfred was known for his vocal voice. As a child, Adler was close to death several times.

When Alfred was 3 years old, his younger brother died in bed, where they slept together. In addition, twice Adler almost died in street incidents, and at five he was ill with heavy pneumonia. The family doctor considered the case hopeless, but another doctor managed to save the boy. After this story, Adler decided to become a doctor. He was very interested in psychology, sociology and philosophy.

He attended a classic secondary school and received the degree of Vienna University of a medical school in the year. In his student years, he joined the group of socialist students, among whom he found his future wife, Raissu Timofeevna Epstein, an intellectual and public activist from Russia studying in Vienna. They got married in the year and had four children, two of whom became psychiatrists.

After studying at the university, he specialized as an eye doctor, and then in neurology and psychiatry. Adler began his medical career as an ophthalmologist, but soon switched to general practice and founded his office in a less prosperous part of Vienna. Among his customers were circus people. In the year, Adler received an invitation from Sigmund Freud to join the informal discussion group, which included Rudolf Wrightler and Wilhelm Shteckel.

They formed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Adler became the president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society eight years later, he remained a member of the society up to a year, when he and the group of his supporters officially did not leave Freud's circle. During his association with Freud, Adler often supported him with his own ideas, which often differ from Freud.

While Adler is often called the "student of Freud", in fact it was not so; They were colleagues, Freud turned to him in the press in the year, as "My colleague Dr. Alfred Adler." Alfred could not agree with Freud's main assumption that the gender male or female factor is the main factor in the development of a person’s personality. While Freud tried to explain to man his similarities with cars and animals, Adler sought to understand and influence a person in terms of what distinguishes a person from machines and animals, such as concepts and values.

This humanistic view characterized all the ideas of his theory [6]. Adler left the Vienna Society and formed a society of free analytical research, renamed the individual psychology of the year. For adults, Adler's therapy relied on the exclusion of guilt and an attentive attitude from the practitioner, a decrease in resistance by increasing the awareness of individual behavior and the refusal to become an enemy.

General therapeutic instruments included the use of humor, historical examples and paradoxical prescriptions. Adler's popularity was associated with the comparative optimism and meaningfulness of his ideas. He often wrote for laity. Adler always retained the pragmatic approach, which was focused on tasks. Their success depends on cooperation [9]. Still, being a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, he developed the theory of organic inferiority and compensation, which became the prototype of his subsequent appeal to the phenomenology and the development of its famous concept-complex of inferiority.

The Adler School, known as "individual psychology" is an archaic link to the Latin individuality, meaning indivisibility, the term designed to emphasize holism is both social and community psychology, as well as deep psychology [3]. He argued that the human person can be explained teleologically: parts of the individual’s unconscious self -awareness ideally work in order to transform the feelings of inferiority into superiority more precisely.

The desires of the ideal of self -sacrifice contradicted social and ethical requirements. If the corrective factors were ignored, and the individual was overly compensated, then an inferiority complex would have arisen that contributed to the danger that the individual will become self -centered, power -hungry and aggressive or even worse [7]. Adler developed a diagram of the so -called personality types, which, however, were always perceived as temporary or heuristic, since he, in fact, did not believe in personality types, but at different times he offered different and equally preliminary systems.The danger with the typology is not to lose sight of the uniqueness of the personality and look abbreviated.

Nevertheless, Adler intended to illustrate the laws that could designate the characteristic features regulated by the general lifestyle. Such people are sensitive, they are creating around them, which protects them, but they should rely on others in order to demolish it through the difficulties of life. They have a low energy level and therefore become dependent.

They can be successful, but decide not to take risks. They probably have low social contact, are afraid of rejection in society or defeat. These people strive for power and are ready to manipulate situations and people, and all in order to achieve their goals. People of this type are also prone to antisocial behavior. They have many social contacts and seek to make changes for the good.

These types are usually formed in childhood and are an expression of lifestyle [1].

Adler’s acquaintance with the order of birth, compensation and issues related to the individual’s perception of community also prompted him to investigate the causes and treatment of abuse by psychoactive substances, in particular alcoholism and morphineism, which were already serious social problems of his time. Adler's work with drug addicts was significant, since most other prominent supporters of psychoanalysis invested relatively little time and thoughts in this widespread disease of modern and postmodern age.

In addition to applying his individual psychological approach to organ inferiority, for example, to the emergence and reasons for getting used to behavior, he also tried to find a clear connection of drug traction to sexual pleasures or replacement. The pharmaco-therapy classification of drugs was used early, since withdrawal symptoms are explained by the form of “water-expression”, which made the use of diuretics, the necessary interventions with non-pronouncing substances, such as NeuPhyllin.

Adler and his wife were pragmatic, and, it would seem, high indicators of the success of their treatment were based on their ideas of social functioning and well -being. Obviously, the choice of lifestyle and situation was emphasized, for example, the need for relaxation or the negative consequences of conflicts in early childhood, which are clearly modern approaches in comparison with other authoritarian or religious modes of circulation.

Undoubtedly, some of his observations, for example, that psychopaths most often become drug addicts, are incompatible with existing methodologies and theories of drug addiction, but self -confident attributes of the disease and a clear escape from the social responsibility of pathological drug addicts clearly put the methods of treating Adler in modern contextual rationale [4]. Adler emphasized both treatment and prevention.

As psychodynamic psychology, Adler emphasize the fundamental significance of childhood in the development of personality and any tendency to various forms of psychopathology. The best way to instill against what is now called “personality disorders” what Adler called the “neurotic character”, or a tendency to various neurotic states of depression, anxiety, etc. The responsibility for the optimal development of the child lies not only on mother or father, but also on teachers and society as a whole.

In this regard, Adler argued that teachers, nurses, social workers, and so on, require training on parental education in addition to the family to strengthen a democratic nature. When the child does not feel equal, he is inclined to develop inferiority or superiority, complexes and various related compensation strategies. These strategies lead to social damage through higher indicators of divorce, family breakdown, criminal trends, and subjective suffering in various forms of psychopathology [5].

In cooperation with Sigmund Freud and a small group of colleagues Freud Adler was one of the co -founders of the psychoanalytic movement and one of the main members of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society: indeed, for Freud he was a “only person”. He was the first major figure to come off from psychoanalysis to form an independent school of psychotherapy and personality theory, which he called individual psychology, because he considered a person an indivisible whole.

He also imagined a person who should be connected or connected with the outside world. Adler emphasized the importance of equality in the prevention of various forms of psychopathology and supported the development of social interests and democratic family structures for raising children. Its most famous concept is a complex of inferiority, which indicates the problem of self -esteem and its negative consequences for human health, for example, sometimes giving rise to the paradoxical superiority of striving.His emphasis on the dynamics of power is rooted in the philosophy of Nietzsche, whose works were published several decades before Adler.

In particular, Adler's concept about the “will to power” focuses on a person’s creative ability to change for the better. Adler advocated holism, considering the individual holistically, and not abbreviated, the latter was the dominant lens to view human psychology [8]. Adler suddenly died in Aberdine, Scotland, in May, during a three -week visit to the University of Aberdin.

Walking down the street, the man saw that the man collapsed and lay motionless on the sidewalk. When the man ran up to him and loosened the collar, Adler muttered Kurt, the name of his son and died. The autopsy determined, his death was caused by the rupture of the heart muscle. His body was cremated in the Crematoria of Warriston in Edinburgh, but the ashes were never restored.

In the year, his ashes were again discovered in a coffin in the Crematoria of Warriston and returned to Vienna for burial in the year [2]. His key publications were the practice and theory of individual psychology and understanding of the nature of human nature: Hoffman, E Reading, Ma: Addison-Wesley. Alfred Adler. New York: F. Ungar, Adler, A. Stein New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Grey, Loren. Westport, Ct: Praeger, Ansbacher, R. Ansbacher, Pp. Adlerian Therapeutic Strategy. The Canadian Journal of Adlerian Psychology, 37 1, Views: