Biography about the Sun.

In the milions of degrees, chills sometimes threw out a sheaf with cornflowers and cashword and shinelessly shining again. Semyon Kirsanov information about the Sun is stated on the basis of several thorough articles [Leibacher and others. The visible star size of the Sun is 26.75; Absolute star value - 4.8 [Dagaev,; Kulikovsky,]. In the galaxy, the Sun is located in 68 light years from its plane and in 25 thousand light years from its center, that is, almost in the plane of the galaxy and halfway to its middle [where is our place in the Galaxy?

This is a very important indicator, since it is here that the so -called radius of the shortation passes - the distance from the center where the angular velocities of stars and wave spiral branches of the galaxy are equal. It can also be said that this whole area is located near one of the spiral branches, but still not in it, but between the two branches, that is, in a calm region far from the places of modern star formation.

In addition, the stars here form an anticyclone - a vortex structure with a calm center, where the solar system [Friedman, Khostli, Cossack,] is located in the last tens of millions of years. Currently, the Sun, along with the solar system, goes to the constellation Hercules, which is openly back in William Gershel [Hoskin,]. They also say that it moves to Hercules and the lyre from a large dog, a hare and a pigeon, as can be seen from the divergence and movement of stars in the named areas of the sky.

From the Sun to the nearest star of the centaur proxim - 4.2 light years, or 40 million million km [Cooper, Henbest,]. The equatorial diameter is 1. According to the star classification, the sun is a typical yellow dwarf spectral class G, a subclass G2, which in the universe there are a lot [Mironov,]. The sun refers to the stars of the second star generation, that is, it contains relatively many “heavy” elements heavier than hydrogen and was formed from a substance with a large admixture of supernova material.

Its atomic composition is approximately the same as that of the interstellar medium: hydrogen atoms accounts for the atoms of helium and atomic more heavy elements [Surdin,]. Sometimes they distinguished the inner crown with the spread of thousands of km from the Sun and the external - up to 2. The mass of the crown is thousands of times less than the mass of the earth's atmosphere [all -consumes,].

Heavier elements are located at deeper levels of the atmosphere, but not always: ionized calcium, forming clouds above the photosphere, extends above hydrogen and helium [All Sixovat,]. Apparently, in this case, the ability to ionization and the movement of charged particles under the influence of a magnetic field is more important. The upper layers of the solar atmosphere rotate faster than the lower ones: the upper at the equator - for 23.5 earthly days, the lower on the equator - over 26, and the crown to some distance also rotates along with the sun [All -Sixovo,].

At the same time, about 30 thousand explosive events take place on the entire sunny surface lasting several minutes. The main component of the flow is protons. The sun loses annually 10 to the minus degree of its mass [Surdin,]. The stream from the sun of charged particles of alpha particles, protons, electrons is called the solar wind. Particles fly away from the Sun at a speed of 3.

Particles have high energy and are dangerous for a person in space outside the earth's atmosphere, but the magnetic field casts even more dangerous galactic rays from the vicinity of the sun that arose during explosions of supernova stars, protecting the Earth from them. On the surface of the sun, separate spots and groups of spots are visible. They are colder than the rest of the surface a little more than Celsius, but surrounded by hotter “torches”, and the total radiation of the “spotted” sun is slightly higher than during periods without spots.

The spots are often surrounded by “partial shade”, and in one such “partial shade” several spots are observed at once. The spots shows that at the equator the sun rotates faster in 25 earth days than near the poles for 35 earthly days. The spots are caused by local magnetic fields that temporarily do not pass a hotter substance from the depths of the sun. Therefore, there are often paired spots of two poles of a magnetic field.

Ahead of the walking spot has a positive polarity, which goes from behind - negative [all -loser,]. Spots exist from several days to several months and can surpass the earth and even Jupiter in size. In stains, the presence of water vapor was recently found [from the sun "vapors steam",]. It was expressed that the biorhythms of humans and animals are not affected by the monthly lunar rhythm, but by the appeal of the sun around the axis on average in 27 days [Breus,].

The life of the Sun is subject to a clear one -year rhythm. Every 11 years, the magnetic poles of the sun change places, which is associated with a change in the activity of the sun, the periodic appearance and disappearance of spots on it, with chromosphere and similar flashes. The last minimum of solar activity was in the city of then almost the entire sun was spotty.

The first stains of the cycle appear in “moderate” belts no higher than 45 degrees, and then concentrate near the equator, but there are no [all -loser,] at the equator itself.All solar cycles are asymmetric: an average branch of 4.3 years, descending - 6.6 years [Will there be another sunny maximum record? The XXII solar cycle has recently ended, since their counting is conducted from G.

expressed the opinion that cyclicity is associated with the uneven rotation of the stars around its axis [Cooper, Henbest,]. According to the theoretician of the sun physics, Boin Tea Loy USA, the high -wide emissions of the coronal masses have no direct connection with solar spots. These high -wide emissions, "nimbled" on the Sun itself, determine the magnetic renovation [the rhythm of magnetic processes in the sun,].

In addition, there is a large frequency of the sun. When the sun is wider, spots on it are slightly smaller [change in the diameter of the sun,]. But this is only in the visible range. And, for example, in the X -ray range, radiation intensity changes 2 times [Mironov,]. There is also a literary instruction [Katsova, Livshits,] that the complete X -ray radiation of the Sun outside the outbreaks changes more than once when the transition from days with the minimum to the days with maximum activity, which in quantitative attitude contradicts the previous information, but in a qualitative attitude confirms it.

Apparently, the authors say somewhat about different radiation for periods of various durations, etc. The sun is completely completely ranging, but very poorly, giving birth to a complex structure of oscillations - acoustic and internal gravitational waves, that is, the solvitarism [Leibacher, etc. Sometimes flashes explosions occur in the sun, which generate powerful plasma flows. In such plasma explosions, disproportionately large energy is transmitted by a negligible share of particles that are accelerated with multiple crossing the front wave front.

So cosmic rays of sunlight are born. In the earth's atmosphere, they generate “wide atmospheric showers” ​​that is the name of the totality of atmosphere particles, which has received “energy” from high -energy particles in pieces.

Outbreaks in the sun are visible for 1 minute. The rays begin to come through a minute right from the sun, but the maximum occurs after a few hours due to diffuse delay at this time, the rays come from everywhere. In such periods, the cosmic rays of galactic origin disappear from the surroundings of the Earth: they are “blown away” from the solar system with a sharply enhanced sun wind [Tver,].

Outbreaks in the sun give a dose of irradiation at a time more permissible, and therefore dangerous for astronauts, and the inhabitants of the Earth protect the atmosphere and the magnetic field of the Earth [Ulubekov,]. The solar equator 7 degrees is inclined to the ecliptic [all -loser,]. Usually this is associated with the influence on the young solar system of those stars that were born together with the Sun from one gas -fluid cloud, that is, only the Sun was able to maintain the original direction of rotation around its axis, and the axis of rotation of the near -sun disc was rejected by the flying star.