Tadeusz Kostyushko biography

Tadeusk Kostyushko Andrei Tadeusz Bonavventur Kostyushko was born on February 4 in the manor house of Folvarka Merevshchina "County of Kossovsky." According to Belarusian historians, the newborn child was at first baptized in the Uniate Church at the request of the mother and named Andrei in honor of the Apostle Andrei the First -Called. According to the Polish scientists, as well as the Swiss researcher Karl Falkenstein, Kostyushko was named in honor of St.

Andrei Karsini, whose celebration falls on February 4. Two other names Kostyushko were given by the insistence of his father in honor of St. Tadeusz and St. Bonaviguri, widely celebrated and revered by the Catholic Church. The Kostyushko family belongs to the gentry of Belarusian origin. Their tribal estate was in the village of Sekhnovichi now Zhabinkovsky district where the linden alley was preserved, according to legend, planted by Tadeusz himself.

Tadeuszko Kostyushko received its original education at the college of Lyubeshov GG. In the year, his father, a cruel landowner, was killed by his peasants. This made Kosciuszko more deeply think about the living conditions of the Polish peasantry, to which his contemporaries, in general, paid very little attention. In the year, Kostyushko went for a state -owned account abroad and stayed in Germany, Italy and France for up to a year, studying engineering.

At this time, his worldview finally developed, on the basis of a sincere and deep hobby for the ideas of French educational philosophy. The freedom of conscience, the equalness of classes, the democratic structure of the state - these were the ideals that Kosciuszko brought with him to his homeland. Soon, by his own experience, he had to make sure that the incompatibility of these ideals with the formation of old Poland.

Returning to his homeland, he was enrolled in the Polish army, but, obeying the old customs that allowed other people to move forward only during the patronage of some nobleman, settled with the old patron of his family, the rich Pan Sosnovsky. Teaching his daughters, Kosciuszko was carried away by one of them, Ludwick, and she reciprocated him. But Sosnovsky did not want to hear about the marriage of his daughter with the poor and minor gentry; The Kostyushko plan to kidnap his beloved girl failed, and soon she married Prince Lubomirsky.

Not seeing the appendix in his homeland, having lost hope of personal happiness, Kostyushko decided to again leave the Polish -Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the fall of the year went first to France, and then, in the summer of the year, to North America to participate in the struggle of the American colonies of England with their metro. In August, Kostyushko arrived in America and on October 18 was enlisted in the army with the rank of colonel.

For seven years, Kosciuszko fought in the ranks of the American army. His knowledge as a military engineer was especially valuable, since the troops were formed, mainly from farmers and ordinary residents and had a great need for professional officers. The first serious verification of his knowledge and talent was the creation of a project and the construction of fortifications on the banks of the Delyavier River for the defense of Philadelphia, where at that time the control of the struggle for independence was concentrated.

Kostyushko coped with the task perfectly. In the spring of the year, the main danger for the United States hung from the north, where the British acting with Canada and New York were preparing to defeat the rebels. In this regard, according to the decree of the Congress, the army of the North was created, in which Kostyushko was appointed chief engineer. Fortification structures on the coast of the Hudson River, the citadel in the West Point built under the leadership of Tadeusz Kostyushko.

Thanks to the military talent of Tadeusz Kostyushko, the American army won in the year one of the most important battles of the war that remained in history as a battle of Saratoga. How high the authority of Kostyushki was in America, the reviews of senior American leaders say. George Washington, in a letter to General Green, wrote in the year that he met Kostyushka well and highly appreciates his knowledge, and the perseverance with which he carried out work in the West Point.

For outstanding merits, the US Congress on October 13 awarded him the title of Brigadier General. For military merits, Kostyushko was awarded the highest combat orders of the United States - the Order of Cincinnat and was accepted as members of the Cinzinnates partnership, whose honorary member was George Washington. A plot of land was allocated to him and an annual pension was assigned, as well as as a special gift from Washington - a couple of pistols.

At this time, in the Commonwealth, the patriotic movement excited by the first section of the country was already strongly flared up. Kostyushko, hoping to participate in the revival of the Fatherland, returned to his homeland, where he joined the party of liberal patriots. Adopted in the Polish army, with the rank of general, in the year he participated in the defense of the Constitution on May 3 against Russia and the Targovitsky Confederation, being in the army of Prince Ponatovsky, and although his corps was defeated by the excellent forces of the Russians near Dubenka, the general voice recognized Kostyushko the only talented commander among the then Polish military leaders.With the attachment of the king to the Targovitsky Confederation, Kostyushko resigned and went to Saxony, where the authors and the most zealous supporters of the Constitution on May 3, emigrated from Poland, gathered at that time to avoid the revenge of the Targovich.

Here they compiled plans to destroy the results of the Grodno Sejm, which authorized the second section of the Commonwealth, and the restoration of independence. Kostyushko traveled to France, unsuccessfully trying to achieve active assistance from her, was, according to some news, and in Poland, even in Grodno, preparing an uprising. The uprising broke out earlier than the main inspirers suggested when General Madalinsky refused to dissolve, at the request of the authorities, his brigade and headed through the Polish lands annexed to Prussia to Krakow.

Hearing about this, Kostyushko hastily went to Krakow. The excitement that rose here to the lead about his coming arrival prompted the Russian garrison to leave the city. In March, Kostyushko was proclaimed in Krakow the head of the armed forces of the uprising; He was entrusted with the authority to draw up the highest people's council for temporary management of the country, as well as the right of court and execution of criminals.

At the same time, the Order Commission of the Krakow Voivodeship published a station wagon, which ordered each city, a place and a village from 5 smokes to put one person in the army. The first Russian detachment sent against Kostyushko, under the command of General Tormasov, was defeated by the village of Ratslavitsa, and the Poles were mainly owed to the so -called mowers, that is, peasants armed with braids with this victory.

After this victory, the popularity of Kostyushko quickly increased. Russian troops were supplanted from Warsaw, to which Kosciuszko headed. His hopes for the uprising of the whole people, backed up by Ratslavitsky Battle, soon began, however, to dissipate. The peasants gathered in the army, having heard about the oppression of their families to the landowners, began to run home.

The consistent rush was gathered tight. The mass of the peasantry, hidden by serfdom, looked gloomily and incredulously at the uprising, while the majority of the gentry and at this critical moment did not dare to come to their landowner benefits and rights. Fascinated by patriotism, Kostyushko decided to cross the limits of the rights that the act of uprising granted him, and to attract the people's mass to the restoration of Poland.

The station wagon already published on May 2 in Vinyar demanded facilitating the peasant families, whose members entered the army, and on May 7, Kostyshko published his famous Polanetsky station wagon, who declared all the peasants of the Commonwealth personally with free people under the auspices of the law, established the court to solve cases between them and the landlords and, at the time of the uprising, reduced their dedication to their dedication.

The benefits of the landowner, providing the final solution to this issue to the future government. The gentry is bad, however, followed the instructions of the station wagon; In fact, the peasants did not receive the benefit promised to them and, with enthusiastic respect for the Kosciuszko himself, did not support the case of the uprising to the extent that he expected it. The affairs of the uprising took more and more unfavorable circulation.

In early July, Russian and Prussian troops headed for Warsaw. Kostyushko hurried here and managed to occupy the city earlier. The siege of Warsaw by the Prussians, under the authorities of the king himself, and the Russians, under the leadership of Fersen, was then unsuccessful. In September, the Prussians, having received news of the uprising in Poland, retreated, and then moved away from Warsaw and Russians.

But at this time, Suvorov was already going to Warsaw from the south, and Fersen, moving the Vistula, moved to connect with him.

Kostyushko decided to warn this connection and, secretly leaving Warsaw to the Serakovsky corps, blocked the road at the town of Matsuevichi. The captive Kosciuszko was sent to St. Petersburg, where he stayed in imprisonment until the throne of Pavel Petrovich. Freed to the latter, he left for America in the year, from where he appeared in France two years later, at the call of the Polish legions of Dombrovsky here.

Kostyushko, however, soon saw that the French government had no serious intention to restore Poland, as his compatriots hoped, and dodged participating in the legions. Later, Napoleon, for the excitation of the Poles, used the name Kostyushko, but without his consent and contrary to his desire, since Kosciuszko agreed to use his influence on compatriots in favor of Napoleon only under the condition of the solemn promise of the restoration of the Commonwealth.

After the fall of Napoleon, Kostyushko entered into relations with Emperor Alexander-I and in the year had an audience with him. The Russian emperor showed great respect for the former leader of the uprising in the Commonwealth. Nevertheless, Kostyushko did not return to Poland, and spent the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he died on October 15, shortly before his death, freeing the peasants belonging to him in Poland.His ashes were transported from the city of Salyur Canton Zoloturn, Switzerland to the city of Krakow.