Lomonosov Abstract biography

The Belinsky life of the scientist of M. Lomonosov-the great Russian scientist-encyclopedist, the patriot and enlightener played a huge role in the development of Russian science and culture. She accelerated the inclusion in the world scientific process of such potential power as the Russian people. Lomonosov was the founder of a number of sciences in Russia.

Patriotism, the desire for good and the prosperity of the Fatherland lay the basis of the striking breadth of his scientific interests, achievements in various branches of knowledge, were the driving force of his encyclopedism. Lomonosov’s life and work attracted and attract attention, we again and again turn to the personality of Lomonosov; Understanding him is to understand something in himself, in the fate of his people, his country.

His biography, activity in various fields of knowledge, contribution to the cultural and historical process are consonant with our time. Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov was born on November 8, 19 - in the new style of G., now several villages merged into the village of Lomonosovo, and the city of Kholmogory became a district center. Lomonosov’s father Vasily Dorofeevich was a Black -Hoiled peasant - the so -called free peasants, who owned communal lands and carried feudal duties, were then called then.

Mikhail was the only son of E. The meager Northern Earth could not feed the peasant, almost all the inhabitants of 20 villages located on the Kurostroy were pomerania - they were engaged in sea crafts. Lomonosov’s father possessed a “newmanner” cucor - small, with a displacement of approximately a sailing ship, built in accordance with Peter’s decree in a European way - “according to the new manner”.

The Gukor was called "Holy Archangel Michael." On it, Vasily Dorofeevich transported state and private goods, hunted the sea beast. With ten, Michael, who had a brilliant ability to absorb new impressions that were forever preserved in his memory, began to participate in voyages. It was impossible to do business without a letter, so Vasily Dorofeevich entrusted his son to the care of the clerk of the parish Dimitrievsky Church S.

Studied to literacy, Mikhail became addicted to reading. At first, he read the Psalter, and then reached for the secular books that he managed to get from his neighbor Christopher Dudin. Probably at this time Lomonosov has a passionate desire to learn. At the end of G., Lomonosov goes to Moscow, where, hiding his peasant origin, on January 15, G. began his studies: the nineteen -year -old young man sat down at the desk together “with schoolchildren, small guys”, the scholarship was scraping - 3 kopecks per day, which had to be eaten, dressed and acquired paper and feathers, and paid it irregularly.

But the desire for knowledge helped to overcome all hardships, and in the first year Lomonosov managed to finish three classes of the Academy. He mastered the Latin language, without which it was impossible to engage in science at that time, because all the serious scientific literature of that time was published in Latin, and he read a lot and thoughtfully that he managed to get the academy and in a nearby book shop.

Classes at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy gave Lomonosov an education in the field of humanities. Here he got acquainted with the best examples of ancient Russian literature, with Latin poetry, with oratory, studied Greek. The situation with the natural sciences was much worse: Aristotle and Ptolemy remained the highest authorities in this area.

Students knew almost nothing about the teachings of Descartes and Newton, about the views of Copernicus. Lomonosov, who read new publications in a bookstore, could not but get acquainted with some sides of these teachings or at least learn about their existence. Such a acquaintance caused a curious young man the desire for serious classes of natural sciences.

The case of implementing his intentions in November was presented in the Senate by decree, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was to take away the 20 best students to replenish the university created at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Lomonosov was among the selected 12 people that meet the requirements of the Senate Decree. In January, for six months with the newly accepted students, they tried to organize more or less systematic classes, and during which time it was decided to send three students abroad to teach mining, specialists in which a rapidly developing Russian mining industry was noticeably lacking.

They turned out to be G. Raiser-the son of an adviser to the Berg-College, D. Vinogradov-Popovich and Lomonosov-a peasant son. In September, he was an excellent teacher and, apparently, a very kind person who is condescending to his students. It was to him, under his patronage as an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Raiser, Vinogradov and Lomonosov were sent.

Having mastered the language enrolled in the university in early November, they were able to listen to Wolf lectures on mechanics, theoretical and experimental physics, the metaphysics of philosophy and logic. Professor Yu.Duizing read them a course of theoretical chemistry; Merciful teachers taught them to the French language, dancing, drawing and fencing. To all this, an independent reading of scientific literature recommended by the wolf was added.

According to the order of the Academic Chancellery, students had to send examples of their knowledge to the Academy. It is significant that Lomonosov sent to St. Petersburg as such examples of “dissertation” dedicated to physical problems. One of the first was the “physical dissertation about the difference between mixed bodies, consisting of clutch of corpuscles” in the same period, along with the study of the natural sciences of Lomonosov, was engaged in the theory of Russian poem.

He not only carefully studied the book of V. Trediakovsky’s book “a new and brief way to compare Russian poems” bought in St. Petersburg, but began to get acquainted with the theories of versification that exist in Germany. The years of study and student entertainment flew quickly, leaving thoroughly knowledge in their heads and devastated wallets. The noble Wolf paid with the permission of the Academic Chancellery the debts of our students and in early July, G.

Lomonosov, led by Genkel, seriously studied practical chemistry, got acquainted with the production of mining in Freiberg’s mines, a city, in the vicinity of which the mining industry was developed. Lomonosov and Freiberg continued to engage in the theory of versification, and when in August this ode was written by him by a soudo-tonic verse [2], whose theory he proposed in a “letter about the rules of Russian poetry”.

A century later V. Belinsky will write that in the city, over time, the relationship between Genkel and Lomonosov began to deteriorately deteriorate. It must be remembered that Lomonosov was 28 years old, he was already a completely established man whom the pedantic custody of Genkel could not but annoy, and, in all likelihood, he did not hide his irritation. Mutual discontent grew, ended with a complete break.

In the early days of May, after barren attempts to find the Russian messenger, Kaiserling Lomonosov returned to Marburg, where on May 26 he married Elizaveta-Khristina Tsilch, with whom he met closely during his studies at the University of Marburg. After that, he set off again, visited Amsterdam and Hague, but realizing that he should not return to Petersburg without the permission of the Academy of Sciences, he went to Marburg again.

Lomonosov received permission to leave only in April G. From this time on his service began at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I and officially celebrating his opening in December G. The draft charter of the Academy, approved by Peter shortly before his death, provided for the invitation of foreign scientists, which were charged with scientific classes and engaged in the training of Russian scientific personnel in the Academy of Academy at the Academy of Academy university and gymnasium.

People of brilliant abilities responded to the invitation, which the extremely favorable situation that reigned at the Academy helped to show. The best physical and optical instruments were purchased in Europe, a beautiful library was compiled from bought and transferred from private hands. The Academy was transferred to the first natural -nuclear museum in Russia - Kunstkamera, and there were instrumental workshops, a printing house with a gravid workshop and a bookstore for servicing scientific research as part of the Academy.

Thus, a scientific complex was created in St. Petersburg, which, perhaps, had no Academy of Western Europe equal [3]. However, over time, with the successors of Peter I often replaced on the throne, the situation at the academy began to deteriorate. The talented scientists left Russia, the Academy was left without the president, and the adviser to the Academic Chancellery I.

was well versed in the situation in the country's factual head, Schumacher realized that, when he was about to break through the dissatisfaction with foreigners, patronage to the young Russian scientist could serve him good service. This, most likely, explains the gracious technique provided by Lomonosov, and a condescending attitude to unauthorized care of Genkel. Schumacher instructed Lomonosov by the cares of Professor I.

Aman, under whose leadership the young scientist was supposed to finish the compilation of the catalog of stones and fossils located in the Mineralogical cabinet of Kunstkamers. At the same time, Lomonosov began to translate into Russian articles by professor of physics of Kraft, designed for the magazine “Notes to the Vedomosti”. However, of course, Lomonosov could not fulfill the routine instructions in the prime.

He first acts in the press as a poet and at the same time invents a “cathopo-trico-diopter incendiary instrument”-a kind of sunny furnace, with the help of which it was possible to reach the then in a different way of high temperatures.At the same time, Lomonosov began work on the first systematic guidance on mining in Russian “The First Foundations of Metallurgy or Rudal Affairs” and compiled the famous “Notice on Physics and Corpuscular Philosophy” - a research program in the field of natural sciences.

In early January, G. Lomonosov received the title of physical class adjunct, which gave him the right to independent scientific work and the possibility of participating in the work of the Academic Assembly. At this time, discontent broke out against the arbitrariness and abuse of Schumacher. On the complaint of A. Nartov, the head of the instrumental workshops of the academy and academician Delil, Schumacher was arrested, a special commission took up the investigation of cases at the academy, and Lomonosov, who sympathized with the complainants, lost caution.

His behavior unbridled in relation to academic foreigners caused the strongest and generally fair indignation of all professors, who first excluded him from the Academic Assembly, and later filed a complaint against him. In December, this ode, apparently, was seen by Elizabeth. In any case, her favor for the young Russian poet and the scientist, as we see, saved Lomonosov from the beating with batogs and links to the soldiers.

In May, despite the plight of financial situation, the scientist indulges in the most serious activities. He studies the “mathematical principles of natural philosophy” by I. Newton, begins several physical dissertations, writes “a dissertation about the action of chemical solvents on dissolved bodies” and “a brief guide to rhetoric ...”. In the same period, he created two unsurpassed masterpieces of Russian scientific poetry: “Morning thought about God's majesty” and “Evening thought about God's majesty on occasion of the Great Northern Light”.

Trediakovsky, A.