The biography of Lotman briefly

One of the most important merits of Lotman. His work “Structure of the literary text”, “Semiotics of cinema and the problems of movie aesthetics”, “Culture and explosion” made a significant contribution to the understanding of culture and the processes occurring in it and were recognized as classical. Guryeva T. Lotman, Yuri Mikhailovich - Russian culturologist, semiotic, philologist.

From G. in the gg. Corresponding Member of the British, academician of the Norwegian, Swedish, Estonian academies. He was vice president of the World Association of Semiotics.

Laureate of the Pushkin Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The organizer of the series "Works on Sign Systems" in "Scientific Notes of the University of Tartu." The main works of Lotman: “The structure of the literary text”, “Analysis of the poetic text”, “Culture and explosion” of Podopigor, A. Lotman Yuri Mikhailovich Father - lawyer. In the year he entered the philological faculty of the University of Leningrad.

After the first year he was drafted into the army. He held the war by a signalman in the artillery regiment. He returned to study only at the end of the year. The first scientific discovery was made by a student: he found an unknown document related to the start of the Decembrists' movement. He graduated from the Filfak of the University of Leningrad, but because of the struggle with cosmopolitans in graduate school he was denied, he found a free vacancy only at the teacher's institute in Tartu.

In the year he became a candidate of sciences. In the year he defended his doctoral dissertation in LSU "Ways for the development of Russian literature of the Premarine period." But even after that, the authorities continued to relate to Lotman very wary. The solution, it seems, was found by Mikhail Gasparov. Already in the year, Gasparov wrote about Lotman: “In the history of Russian literature, he was engaged in the authors of quite reliable: Radishchev, Decembrists, Pushkin.

And Radishchev really was his revolutionary, and the Decembrists are heroes, and Pushkin is a universal genius, and even Karamzin turned out to be very sympathetic to the French revolution. Only at the same time, they turned out to be much more complicated and deeper than in ordinary portraits that were signed even by good scientists. Meanwhile, for the official Soviet literary criticism, if Radishchev was good, then Karamzin was obliged to be bad.

But Lotman did not have that, it annoyed. " In the early xs, Lotman tried to apply structural methods in the study of literature. As a theoretician, he released “lectures on structural poetics” and in the year the monograph “The structure of the literary text”. He belonged to the idea of ​​holding annual summer schools on secondary modeling systems and the release of "labors on landmark systems" in Tartu.

Remembering the scientific conferences organized by him, V. Uspensky noted: “Lotman is a tuner, conductor and first violin, he monitors the height of the intellectual bar and at the same time a democratic ritual intervals. He gives a hand to all the ladies when unloading from the bus. He makes sure that after breakfast, lunch and dinner, all the dishes are carried away from the table.

He calls all participants, including students, only by name and patronymic. " Lotman's observations about writing work were very interesting. He could not stand the links of writers to any life or censorship circumstances. As a scientist wrote in the year, "circumstances can break and destroy a large person, but they cannot become the decisive logic of his life." C - student of the Faculty of Philology of Leningrad University; C - in the Soviet Army, a participant in the war.

He worked at the Tartus Teacher Institute, C - at the University of Tartus in - Head. C - candidate, s - Doctor of Philology. The organizer of the series "Works on Signer Systems" in "Tutus University Tutus Notes", the head of regular "Summer Schools" for secondary modeling systems. One of the defendants in the Tartus-Moscow School of Semiotics, the head of the Tartus school.

The main works: "Lectures on structural poetics" "The structure of the literary text"; "Analysis of the poetic text"; "Articles on the typology of culture" Issue. Since the beginning of Kh L. Tynyanov, and given the experience of the development of semiotic structuralism. For the starting point of any semiotic system L., the object of analysis is not a single model, but the semiotic space of the Semiosphere, inside which communication processes are implemented and new information is developed.

Semiosphere is built as a concentric system, in the center of which are the most obvious and consistent structures, representing the world as ordered and endowed with the highest meaning. The nuclear structure "myth -forming mechanism" represents a semiotic system with implemented structures of all levels. The movement towards the periphery increases the degree of uncertainty and disintegration, characteristic of the world external to the Semiosphere, and emphasizes the significance of one of the main concepts - the boundaries.

The border of the semiosphere is understood by L. a situation in which the space of reality is not covered by any language separately, but only by their combination, there is not a drawback, but a condition for the existence of language and culture, since it dictates the need for another - a person, language, and culture.The border has another function - the places of accelerated semiotic processes, which then rush into nuclear structures to supplant them.

The introduction of opposite and mutually alternative structural principles gives dynamism to the semiotic mechanism of culture. Modeling uncertainty is associated with a typological description of various cultures and a set of permissible transcoding, with the theoretical problem of translated and transmission. The alternative codes laid in culture turn the semiotic space into dialogue: all levels of the semiofers, as if embedded in each other, are simultaneously participants in the dialogue part of the semiosphere and the space of the dialogue whole of the semiosphere.

The semiotics of culture is not limited to the representation of culture as a sign system - the very attitude to the sign and symbolic is one of the main typological characteristics of culture. Any reality involved in the sphere of culture begins to function as a sign, and if it already had a signs or quasi, then becomes a sign of a sign of a secondary modeling system. In social terms, culture is understood as the sum of non -investigative information or supra -individual intelligence, replenishing the shortcomings of individual consciousness.

The main function of culture is the structural organization of the world - the creation of a social sphere around a person, which makes public life possible. For normal functioning, culture, as a multifactorial semiotic mechanism, should understand itself holistic and ordered. The requirement of the integrity of the presence of a unified principle of constructing is implemented in the auto -unique formations of the metaucultural level, which can be represented as a combination of texts or grammar "Culture of texts" and "Culture Grammar".

The concept of the text is given not as a metaphysical, separate from the history of "reality", but as a certain, historically given subject-object attitude. From the understanding of the text as a manifestation of L. language, in the program of learning culture, according to L., culture is a difficult to arrange text that breaks up into the hierarchy of “texts in the text” and forms their complex interweaving.

Bulynko, S. Radinova The latest philosophical dictionary. Gritsanov A. Minsk, Lotman Yuri Mikhailovich on February 28, Petrograd - October 28, Tartu - a specialist in the field of literature and aesthetics, the history of Russian literature and culture, semiotics and cultural studies; Dr. Philological Sciences, Professor. He entered the philological fest by Leningrad State University.

C - in the Soviet Army. Member of the Great Patriotic War. S for working at the Tartu Teacher Institute, and C-in Tartu University, in--head. From the beginning. Lotman’s works on the semiotic analysis of various cultural texts are united by the idea of ​​“secondary modeling systems”, that is, the text is interpreted as the unity of the model of objective and subjective reality, as well as as a sign system, secondary in relation to the signs of the natural language - “primary modeling system”.

The “Tartu school” of the Semiotics headed by him continued the traditions of the Russian “formal school”, especially Yu. Tynyanov, given the experience of developing semiotic structuralism in various countries, but was not limited to the study of the formal structure of artistic works, paying the primary attention of the semantics of the iconic structures the structure of the literary text,; Analysis of the poetic text, a semiotic subject, according to Lotman, can be adequately comprehending not as a separate sign, but as a text that exists in culture, is a text that is a “complex device that stores diverse codes that can transform the received messages and generate new ones, as an information generator with the features of an intellectual personality”.

Based on this, Lotman also considers the culture itself in its semiotic aspect, in the variety of its communicative relations “Articles on the typology of culture”, Comrade Tartu, - introduces the concept of “Semiosphere”, characterizing the boundaries of the semiotic space, its structural heterogeneity and internal diversity, which forms the structural hierarchy, the components of which are in dialogical terms.

The theoretical views of Lotman take into account the development of modern scientific knowledge, especially the theory of information, cybernetics, the theory of systems and structures, the doctrine of the functional asymmetry of the brain, the ideas of synergetics culture and explosion. Stolovich New Philosophical Encyclopedia. In four volumes. Stepin, A.

Huseynov, city of philological sciences, prof. British Academy, Academician of the Norwegian, Swedish, Estonian academies. He was vice president of the World Association of Semiotics, laureate of the Pushkin Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Philological Festival of the Leningrad University of the G. G. The entire World War II was at the front.

In the field of his attention - Radishchev, Karamzin, A. Merzlyakov, Decembrists, Pushkin, Gogol, M.